Major Functions Of The Skin Health And Social Care Essay

The covering is the biggest organ of the natural structure. Estimating somewhere in the range of 1.5 and 2.0 square meters in an adult, it frames an all-inclusive contact nation with the earth. This contact presents an arrangement of import difficulties, which the covering must run into so as to ensure the natural structure. It other than gives of import possibilities, which the covering uses to keep homeostasis.See the difficulties and chances presented by contact with the earth and partner them to the significant maps of the tegument.The integumental framework, abiding of covering, hair and nails, go about as a boundary to shield the natural structure from the earth. A few difficulties and chances presented to the covering by the situations are ; introduction to daylight/UV Rays, bacterium, mechanical damage, synthetic mischief and thermic damage. The integumental framework goes about as a boundary in three different ways: a synthetic obstruction, a physical hindrance and an organic hindrance. The integumental framework works with the invulnerable framework to make an organic hindrance. Particular cells in the covering disclosure and decimate remote bacteriums. A physical hindrance comprises of troublesome, keratinized cells in the nails, covering and hair. These cells especially in covering and nails help secure the inner assortment meats and blood framework from outside ecological variables. Hair serves to minimalise creepy crawlies from crawling on the covering, shield the scalp from physical injury and control heat. A synthetic hindrance is other than because of climb. The covering has sweat secretory organs which emit substances onto the covering that stop the generation of bacteriums. The covering other than produces melanin which acts to shield bright bars from the Sun by the by in spite of melanin ‘s defensive variables over the top Sun introduction will at long last harm the tegument.2Explain how the developments of the skin add to its maps.35 % 437.5Answer The covering is the biggest organ in the integumental framework and has 2 significant constituents: the cutaneal layer or covering and the accessary developments. The cutaneal layer has 2 constituents: the fingernail skin and the corium. The fingernail skin is the external bed of the covering and the corium is a bed of covering between the fingernail skin and hypodermic tissues. The accessary developments comprises of hair, nails and multicellular pipe organ secretory organs. The fingernail skin comprises of 5 beds ; the layer basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum and horny layer. The Stratum basale is the external bed of covering, the layer spinosum is a bed of the fingernail skin found between the layer granulosum and layer basale. [ 1 ] This bed assists with hindering drying up, the layer granulosum is the bed between the layer lucidum and layer spinosum, the layer lucidum is a dainty, away from of dead covering cells. It is found only in nations of middle covering, most detectably on the thenar of the guardianships and the colloidal suspensions of the pess and in the long run the layer horny layer is the furthest bed and is loaded up with ceratin, which is comprised of dead cells. The corium is answerable for the quality of covering. Its central maps are to adjust temperature and to give the fingernail skin supplement immersed blood. A great part of the natural structure ‘s H2O flexibly is put away inside the corium. The corium contains the majority of the covering ‘s particular cells and developments, including: Blood vass, lymph vass, hair follicles, sweat secretory organs, oily, or oil, secretory organs, nervus terminations, collagen and elastin. The corium bed is comprised of two sublayers, the papillose bed, which contains a meager understanding of collagen filaments. The papillose bed supplies nourishments to pick beds of the fingernail skin and controls temperature. The second is the reticular bed which is thicker and made of thick collagen filaments that are organized in simple to the outside of the covering. The reticulate bed reinforces the covering, providing development and snap. A bed of tissue that lies right away beneath the corium is the hypodermis or hypodermic tissue. The hypodermis comprises mostly of free connective tissue and lobules of fat and Acts of the Apostless as a vitality unobtrusiveness. It contains bigger blood vass and nervousnesss than those found in the corium. The hypodermis contains: flexible filaments, hempen sets, fat, blood vass, lymphatic vass, hair follicle roots, nervousnesss and musculus. The covering incorporates the undermentioned maps ; security, esthesis, heat mandate, control of vaporization, stockpiling and combination, absorbing, H2O restriction. The developments of the covering all work together to keep the of import maps.3You are applying on a hot twenty-four hours. Clarify two manners by which the integumentary framework acts to proceed homeostasis20 % 250AnswerTwo manners by which the integumentary framework acts to proceed with homeostasis are sudating and vasodilation. Homeostasis is a term for your natural structure ‘s capacity to adjust your inner area, and sweat is a delineation of this. On the off chance that your natural structure temperature gets unreasonably high, one of the homeostatic components used to pass on your temp back to ordinary is sudating. Eccrine sweat secretory organs are the significant sweat secretory organs of the human natural structure, found in for all intents and purposes all covering. Sweat is clear secernment that is mainly H2O and salt ( sodium chloride ) . Sweat arrives at the covering by means of a trench that opens remotely as a channel molded pore. Eccrine sweat secretory organs are an amazingly productive bit of the warmth guideline framework, they are provided with nervus terminations that cause them to discharge sweat when the natural structure ‘s temperature gets unnecessarily high. At the point when sweat dissipates off the coverings surface it takes natural structure heat with it. On a hot twenty-four hours you could lose up to 7 liters of natural structure H2O. Another way the integumental framework acts to proceed with homeostasis is vasodilation. Blood vass giving blood to the covering can grow or extend †called vasodilation. This makes more warmth be conveyed by the blood to the covering, where it very well may be lost to the air by the by if the outside condition is each piece hot as or more sweltering than the natural structure the solitary way to relinquish heat is through vaporization of sweat. This is a productive start of warmth misfortune each piece long as the air is dry, on the off chance that it is sticky vaporization happens at a much more slow rate go forthing the individual hot and irritated. At the point when the natural structure chills off the nerve center through the autonomic sensory system advises the ‘heat misfortune ‘ Center to trade off.4Indicate how maturing influences the covering and explain how these modifications influence its typical map.15 %AnswerAs individuals age their cuticular cell supplanting eases back in this way the covering starts to thin resulting in an expansion of wounding and different kinds of hurt. The greasing up substances gave by the covering organs that gives juvenile looking and delicate skin begin to go less effective, resulting in dry bothersome covering. Versatile filaments and collagen strands become less and stiffer so the covering has substantially less snap resulting in wrinkles. The diminishing in Numberss of melanocytes and langerhans cells created can uplift the danger of skin dangerous neoplastic illness in more established age, especially if alot of bright shafts are assimilated. UV shafts are a significant part to the celerity of coverings maturing. Over clasp, the Sun ‘s shafts harm certain filaments in the covering called elastin. The separation of elastin strands makes the covering hang and take more time to mend.Aging other than influences things beneath the covering ; loss of fat underneath the covering may result in extricating covering, bone misfortune after the age of 60 can do puckering of the covering around the oral pit, cartilage misfortune in the nose causes saging of the rhinal tip.Smokers other than will in general hold a greater number of wrinkles than non-smokers of a similar age. Skin adjustments related with maturing present unconventional employments for medical caretakers thinking about matured people.5Outline the nursing rules associated with covering consideration in the aged.15 %AnswerAged patients are inclined to climb cryings, ulcers, scratchs, disturbance and contamination especially in the event that they are diabetic. In the event that appropriate covering consideration is non clung to, it can follow in bruises, dry/agonizing covering and even sphacelus. At the point when a matured patient is washing the temperature of the H2O ought to be warm rather than hot as matured individuals ‘s covering does non fuse as much oil as it one time did, if all the oil is washed off, their covering is increasingly helpless to breakage, which can take to disease. A mellow cleanser ought to ever be utilized as it is non harsh on their covering and hinders it from going prohibitionist. Because of the loss of normal oils in the covering, it is important to utilize a saturating moisturizer after a shower and on different occasions through the twenty-four hours. Utilizing a cream assists cut with bringing down the tingling, and the likeliness of contamination. It is non extraordinary for some matured patients to be kept to their bed 24 hours a twenty-four hours. This is when skin consideration is basic, especially in the event that they are incontinent of digestive tract and vesica, flushing and drying the nation all the time can chop down the peril of a fungous contamination framing. Matured covering must be seen all the time to investigate for changes, for example, moles. Imprint SHEET. Exercise manual 3 Integumentary framework Question Stamps out of 100 Imprints Awarded first marker second marker Concur 1 15 2 35 3 20 4 15 5 15 Whole 100 Last Agreed Mark Exercise manual 1 Exercise manual 2 Exercise manual 3 Closing Percentage

OFDM Simulation In Matlab Computer Science Essay Free Essays

string(127) the base maps IFFT are N unessential sinusoids, at the end of the day IFFT is communicated as the heavy measure of superfluous sinusoids. Conceptual This endeavor includes the reproduction and review of a straightforward Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) framework as a use of Digital Signal Processing. The nation of point of convergence is the sign handling square of the framework which uses Fast Fourier Transform ( FFT ) motors to achieve oppositeness of channels and along these lines better the transmittal channel use. The framework is recreated using MATLAB and it includes transmittal of a digitized sound document through a straight white Gaussian commotion ( AWGN ) channel using OFDM strategy thus recovering the record at the getting framework. We will compose a custom article test on OFDM Simulation In Matlab Computer Science Essay or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now By corresponding the first and the recuperated document the effectivity of this method is tried. The entire framework acknowledgment comprises of different stairss †starting preparing, channel, accepting framework handling, investigation. Watchwords OFDM ; AWGN ; FFT ; IFFT ; BPSK ; Orthogonality ; Crosscorrelation I. Presentation Symmetrical frequence division multiplexing ( OFDM ) is a frequence division multiplexing methodology in which the frequence detachment between next carrier channels is limited by the use of the build of oppositeness. It is one of the various dish strategies generally utilized in radio and powerline interchanges. OFDM can flexibly huge informations rates with adequate strength against transmittal channel harms. The OFDM technique permits a few superfluous, restricted band sub-channels or subcarriers to cover in frequence circle and to be transmitted in equal subsequently spliting the accessible transmittal data transmission quickly. The information informations is isolated into a few equal informations waterways or channels, one for each subcarrier. Each sub-bearer is regulated with a customary computerized progress methodology (, for example, M-ary stage uprooting recognizing or Quadrature abundancy change ) at a low image rate to keep the whole data rate like ordinary single-transp orter change procedures using a similar transmission capacity. The oppositeness is accomplished using the quick Fourier change ( FFT ) calculation on the collector side, and converse FFT on the sender side as it takes into consideration proficient modulator and finder execution. A general OFDM framework outline is appeared in Fig. 1. At the sender, the tweaked data signal ten [ n ] is first changed to frequence circle through IFFT. At that point the sign is transmitted to the completion in the radio channel. At the accepting framework, FFT is first applied to the standard sign, so the transmitted data image is assessed with some unscrambling calculation. The handling at each square with the help of MATLAB is portrayed quickly as follows: A.Source Processing Toward the start, the sound record is first perused using MATLAB as a vector music and changed over into a parallel data waterway. Parallel stage removal keying ( BPSK ) is utilized as the change system. In BPSK, every double informations 1 is mapped to a data image of 1, while 0 is mapped to a?’1. With BPSK change, we can get the data vector. At that point a 512-point IFFT is performed on that vector to deliver the vector Texas for transmittal. Zero-cushioning is utilized if the data is non a different of 512. B. Channel The channel is basic AWGN, which implies that there is no channel constriction and the clamor is Gaussian conveyed with zero mean and inconsistency I?2. For an arbitrary commotion, the standard sign is transmitted sign ( Texas ) +noise. C. Beneficiary Processing At the getting framework, FFT is performed on the got informations get the uproarious informations for unscrambling. Basic piece savvy maximal likeliness ( ML ) unscrambling is embraced. In this manner, for each got boisterous data spot, if the worth is bigger than 0, it is decoded as 1, in any case, 0. D. Framework Analysis The got informations will the contrasted and the transmitted informations using crosscorrelation to investigate the distinction. The execution will be rehashed for various estimations of clamor errors. In the regions that tail we talk about in an a tiny bit at a time way how we can actualize such a framework by sing all the basic assets. In region II, the advancement of the full framework is depicted alongside significant hypothetical foundation. Segment III shows how the framework can be recreated using MATLAB instruments. Segment IV contains the outcomes of reproduction and investigation of the framework. Segment V finishes up the paper by providing a theoretical of the work done. II. framework hypothetical record The framework is reproduced using MATLAB. The stream chart of the framework tasks is appeared in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 OFDM framework hypothetical record [ 8 ] A. Transmitter The sender region incorporates perusing the sound record, change overing it into a paired conduit, use BPSK to balance this waterway thus execute N-point IFFT on the tweaked informations to change over the data waterway into N incidental OFDM channels. In BPSK, every double informations 1 is mapped to a data image of 1, while 0 is mapped to a?’1. Along these lines we get a back to back conduit of BPSK tweaked informations. The conduit is isolated into N simple informations which frames the balance of an OFDM image. 1. FFT-IFFT Algoritms and Orthogonality An OFDM framework treats the information BPSK balanced images at the sender just as they are in the recurrence space. These images are changed over into equal and are utilized as the contributions to an IFFT obstruct that changes over the sign into the clasp circle. The IFFT takes in N images at a clasp where N is the figure of subcarriers/directs in the framework. By meaning of Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform ( DFT ) : x_n = frac { 1 } { N } sum_ { k=0 } ^ { N-1 } X_k e^ { frac { 2pi I } { N } K n } quad n = 0, dabs, N-1. The signs eië†?i?â °ikn/N are superfluous over ( 0, N ) where Xk is the info image. DFT is the Fourier Transform of particular clasp signal taken at unmistakable flicker of an eyes 2i?â °k/N. FFT/IFFT is a computationally proficient adaptation of DFT/IDFT. For case, for N point DFT the computational multifaceted nature is N2 though for radix-2 FFT the 1 clasp figuring is separated into log2N degrees and every degree need N estimations henceforth the intricacy is diminished to Nlog2N degrees. In this way cut bringing down the count cut in example of FFT. Thusly from above definition the base maps IFFT are N unessential sinusoids, as such IFFT is communicated as the heavy measure of superfluous sinusoids. You read OFDM Simulation In Matlab Computer Science Essay in class Paper models These sinusoids have an alternate frequence superfluous to one another in frequence circle. Each info image Acts of the Apostless like a mind boggling/genuine load for the relating sinusoidal term. In fo images will be mind boggling if M-ary PSK is utilized where M gt ; 2. In such occurrence the estimation of the image decides both the abundancy and phase of the sinusoid for that subcarrier. Be that as it may, since BPSK is utilized the loads are existent. The IFFT finished result is the summarizing of the N weighted sinusoids. Along these lines, IFFT gives a basic way to tweak informations onto N incidental firmly isolated subcarriers. The square of N finished result tests from the IFFT make up an individual OFDM image. hypertext move convention:/www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr05/ofdm/pictures/fig4.gif ( a ) ( B ) Fig 3: OFDM range ( a ) Single channel ( B ) 5 subcarriers [ 6 ] The signs e2i?â °kn/N are unessential over ( 0, N ) as sum_ { n=0 } ^ { N-1 } left ( e^ { frac { 2pi I } { N } kn } ight ) left ( e^ { - frac { 2pi I } { N } k’n } ight ) =N~delta_ { kk ‘ } This oppositeness due to FFT among next channels infers firmly separated bearers. They can be divided in such a way such, that the nothing ( zero sufficiency reaction ) of one channel will occur at the extremum of the following conveyor as appeared in Fig. 3. In this manner just 50% of the accessible transmittal data transfer capacity will be used correlation with standard FDM, bettering the channel use by 50 for each centum. The particular time-space signal that results from the IFFT is transmitted over the channel. Genuine transmittals include progress of IFFT canisters into baseband equal bearers before transmittal over the channel. Be that as it may, for effortlessness of investigation we transmit the advanced baseband signal itself as N subcarriers in a multipath free condition. Symmetry of the subcarriers due to IFFT permits the frequence separating between each next subcarrier to be insignificant. B. Channel The channel is thought to be straightforward AWGN, which implies that there is no channel weakening and the clamor is Gaussian conveyed with zero mean and error I? . The familial back to back conduit of IFFT containers is added to the irregular AWGN clamor created using MATLAB to authorize the impacts of channel. C. Collector At the getting framework, a N point FFT square is utilized to treat the standard flag and pass on it once more into the frequence circle. By meaning of Discrete Fourier Transform ( DFT ) : Because of grounds referenced prior FFT is the utilized in topographic purpose of DFT. The N point FFT finished result will be the first images that were sent to the IFFT obstruct at the sender. The finished result of the FFT square is able to most extreme probability detecting to pull out the twofold data from the clamor swarmed images. After recuperation of twofold informations, it is changed over to its equal commensurate in this manner backtracking the first solid record. III. matlab reenactment A. Transmitter 1.Input sound record preparing The examples of the sound record t

Understanding Arachnophobia or the Fear of Spiders

Understanding Arachnophobia or the Fear of Spiders Phobias Types Print Understanding Arachnophobia or the Fear of Spiders By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on August 18, 2019 Cultura RM/Charles Gullung/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Not many people like spiders. When many people see one, they have a reaction from trying to kill the spider to running from it. While arachnophobia, or fear of spiders, is one of the most common specific phobias, not everyone who dislikes spiders is experiencing a phobia. A person with arachnophobia will go to great lengths to ensure that she is not exposed to a spider. She may be unwilling to participate in activities that carry a heightened risk of exposure to spiders, such as going down into a basement where she once saw spider webs. The person with a phobia has a persistent and excessive fear that interferes with her functioning. Symptoms If you have arachnophobia, you will probably go out of your way to ensure that you do not come into contact with a spider. If you find a spider in your home, you may react in one of two ways: either screaming and running away or freezing in place. You may be unable to kill or trap the spider yourself, relying on a friend or family member to rescue you from the situation. If you are alone, you may actually leave the house rather than deal with the spider. Eventually, you may find yourself limiting your activities in an effort to avoid spiders. Hiking and camping trips may be difficult or impossible for you. You may even dread visiting the zoo or participating in sports that involve being outside in a field. Causes Experts are still uncertain about what causes arachnophobia. There a few theories, though. One of the most common theories was put forth by evolutionary psychologists. This view suggests that arachnophobia was a survival technique for our ancestors. Since most spiders are venomous, although most do not pose a threat to humans, a fear of spiders may have made humans more likely to survive and reproduce. Other psychologists argue that many animals were more likely to pose a threat to ancient humans, from tigers to crocodiles. Yet, phobias of those animals are not that common. Therefore, those psychologists feel that arachnophobia is more likely based on cultural beliefs about the nature of spiders. Treatment Like all specific phobias, arachnophobia is most commonly treated with therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral techniques.  Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on stopping the negative automatic thoughts that are associated with the feared object or situation, replacing them with more rational thoughts instead. Techniques used may include: Cognitive Reframing: This is a method that helps you  change the way you look at something so you no longer perceive it as dangerous or stressful. This will eventually change your physical reaction to a triggering stimulus, such as seeing a spider.Systematic Desensitization: This is a method of learning relaxation techniques and then confronting your fears from the least fear-producing to the most. Some newer research has shown that virtual reality therapy, in which the person with the phobia is exposed to virtual representations of spiders, may work as well as the older technique of gradually exposing the client to live spiders. In some cases, antidepressant or anti-anxiety medications may also be used to treat arachnophobia.

Essay on Science vs. Religion - 1302 Words

Religion versus science, the debates and conflicts have been on for centuries. For both religious and scientific ideals, the faith people have drives them. In this paper, I will examine the story of â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† by G.K. Chesterton, and the episode â€Å"House vs. God† of House, M.D., in order to question this conflict. The main character—Father Brown—in â€Å"The Eye of Apollo† combines his reasoning with his religious ideals and beliefs, or we can say his faith in God leads him to the truth of the crime. However, if we try to have a deeper look at the both the rational and religious sides of Father Brown, his perspectives on the immortality and justice are similar to Dr House, who interprets his rationality based on science. Thus both the†¦show more content†¦Father Brown finally points out the truth that Kalon kills Pauline with his setup based on Miss Stacey being blind in order to get her money. Miss Pauline’s sister, Joan Pauline, is also part of the crime according to Father Brown, who has also taken advantage of her sister’s blindness and played trick on the will. We can easily find Father Brown’s interpretation about â€Å"truths†. People apparently will recognize him as a rational and religious person who is a skeptic of pure â€Å"sciences†, however, not necessarily the scientific methodology. Upon learning the new religion mentioned by Flambeau, Father Brown holds his doubts about the religion of Apollo: he doubts seriously on whether â€Å"it can cure the one spiritual disease†. Father Brown actually has found Kalon is the murderer before he learns what is the tragedy. As he says: â€Å"there came a crash and a scream down the street, and the priest of Apollo did not start or look around†¦ I know that he was expecting it† (The Eye of Apollo). This kind of distrust as presented by him conveys his skeptical approach to things. Father Brownâ₠¬â„¢s skepticism for and tendency to reject the Apollo religion reflect his belief: the pure science and the new religion are both considered as superstitions. On the other side, the reasons lying behind the crimes, according to Father brown, are driven by the inner desires of human, or we can say, it is the â€Å"devil† that madeShow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Science859 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna Pace Mr. Jetter English 12P 18 October 2010 Religion Vs Science In many aspects of life, science and religion are shown to disagree with each other; Science focuses on logic and reason while religion relies solely on faith and the belief of a higher power. Both have advantages as well as disadvantages. Some advantages and disadvantages of religion are that you obtain eternal life, spiritual support and guidance, and be a better person through morals and values. 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HoweverRead MoreEssay about Science vs. Religion: How were we created?1516 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The idea of creation is one of the most controversial issues we have today. Your age, background, religion, and beliefs are the main characters that effect what you believe created the world. Science believes several theories on the creation but the most accepted is the Big Bang Theory. Religion has their own views on creation, Christians believe that God created the world, Islamic believe that Allah created man but in steps, and Mayans believe th at the Heart of Sky

Things You Should Know About Controversial Topics Essay

Things You Should Know About Controversial Topics Essay In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. To begin with, make certain that your subject isn't too broad or else you will have a challenging time revealing it. The topics must have two sides and they need to be quite intriguing. Undoubtedly, there'll be some topics that you recognise and wish to explore further. What Has to be Done About Controversial Topics Essay Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. If you would like to compose a controversial essay, you definitely should look for the greatest social issues topics or satire topics. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you are able to counter to your own points. Sex offenders ought to be castrated. If you do, you may now write on topics which will be humorous to them. Controversial topics work nicely for speeches and essays, since they typically evoke strong opinions on either side. Picking an excellent topic can be difficult. Choosing essay topic isn't that easy. Teenagers can be quite opinionated, which is the reason we created 17 controversial debate topics for teenagers. If you wish to compose a really persuasive essay on technology, be confident in your perspective. You'll also check if you've got the equally powerful opposing viewpoint. If you're looking to compose a post but there's too much detail to the topic to actually offer you much assistance then just narrow this issue down to a single step in the approach. When you're writing articles for internet advertising purposes, there are a couple of guidelines to follow that will make certain that your articles are read. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. You may see that the practice is virtually always the exact same. There are many steps which you should take so as to compose an exceptional essay. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Young writers argumentative try simple on-line citation generators which are typically free controversial charge. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new suggestions and perspectives. But What About Controversial Topics Essay? It's possible to restate your argument, which is a rather common practice amongst essayists. With over 11 million immigrants in america illegally, the matter of illegal immigration proceeds to divide Americans. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. The precise problem that the government has allowed to kill commerce in the usa is currently making them ineffectual. One of the chief criteria for selecting an effective debate topic is that the topic is intriguing to you and other participants of the occasion. When choosing a topic for a training plan, article or tool for your Realtor mentor program there are lots of things to contemplate. There are lots of things to debate about but it's not so simple to pick the perfect topic which will be interesting for most students. All the skills mentioned previously are vital for every single successful student.

The Inclusion of students with disabilities and special needs Free Essays

Meanss pupils with disablements and particular demands integrate in mainstream categories. Australian instruction is one of the first to follow full inclusion. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inclusion of students with disabilities and special needs or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" Inclusion in an educational context describes the premiss that every kid should be a valued member of the school civilization and community, and hence should non be subjected to marginalisation, disaffection, humiliation, badgering, rejection or exclusion † ( Pearce, Forlin, 2005 ) , 2. And harmonizing to Ainscow the thought of inclusion for particular demands instruction stemmed from the belief that instruction is a basic human right, and the foundation for a more merely society ( Ainscow, Kaplan, 2005 ) . 3. A kid with a disablement or particular demands is basically a kid and should be afforded the same entitlements of other kids ( Smith, 2006 ) . That is why Law shapers and â€Å" Educational governments internationally have taken the position that inclusion stems from the societal and moral duty to educate all pupils † ( Forbes, 2007 ) , besides Forbes confirms that Australia instruction is taking on the full inclusion. aˆÂ ¦Poses a challengeaˆÂ ¦ First this thought poses a great challenge to use in world, and of all time since the issue came to light research workers and professionals have ever argued about the pros and cons of traveling kids with physical, mental, behavioral, or rational disablements and/or damages to mainstream scenes where the instructors may non hold the accomplishments and trainig, nor be equipped, nor have the capablenesss to cover with the peculiar demands that these Student demand. And so far some professionals have argued that this move will be in no 1 ‘s best involvement, and some has gone every bit far as naming it a â€Å" black bequest † ( Warnock, 2005 ) . Second some professionals province that particular schools are schools which are seamster made for pupils with disablement and particular demands, but still like every other school its chief end is to learn the course of study in full, and this would anyhow fixing pupils for inclusion in the broader society ( Forbes, 2007 ) . Thir d some authors argue that inclusion is indicating to a â€Å" topographic point non a procedure † ( Forbes, 2007 ) and that â€Å" school is where everyone ( pupil ) belongs † . This is a full inclusion position and this is what Australian took on board. The 3rd point shows some intimations about the variables that posse the challenges in put to deathing the theoretical account of inclusion ( equals, instructors, rules, the school community in general ) . Because in this position they are the 1s at the full forepart of inclusion. aˆÂ ¦to instructors and principalsaˆÂ ¦ Providing for those pupils with particular demands besides became an issue back in 1992 when jurisprudence shapers introduced the 1992 Australian Disability Discrimination Act, which by jurisprudence allowed parents to inscribe their kids in mainstream categories. This is the act that started inclusion and demanded instructors and the remainder of the school community to hike their professional development in the part of particular demands demands in order to take action in response and suit the demands of particular demands scholars. The pattern of inclusion has produced a demand for expertness within the regular instruction imperium for specializer cognition that is presently non being met. Demand is puting unrealistic demands on instructors with small or no cognition of the specific demands of these pupils harmonizing to Forbes ( 2007 ) . To neturise the state of affairs chance for instructors to farther train in inclusive patterns ( Loreman et al, 2005 ) , and preparation should be based around fiting instructors with the accomplishments and necessary tools to be able to accommodate their lessons to the demands of their pupils ( Opertti, Belalcazar, 2008 ) . Consequences from the preparation could be improved dramatically when there is cooperation with other instructors, principals and educational support staff. This cooperation is of import and deemed indispensable in developing inclusive patterns ( Loreman et al, 2005 ) . Inclusion sustainability, the forward motion, and the success depend a tremendous trade on the first point of contact which is the instructor, and more exactly, the instructors attitudes towards inclusion ( Forlin et al, 2008 ) , because they are the 1 who will be passing the bulk of their clip with the particular needs pupils, unlike principals, particular pedagogues and parents. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the best policies for suiting pupils with particular demands in regular schoolrooms will neglect if instructors have negative attitudes towards inclusion. † ( Sikes et al, 2007 ) . The first portion in altering the attitude is altering one ‘s lesson program, so that the lesson can suit for both particular demands and non particular needs pupils. Keeping in head, when seting the lesson program, to maintain that the consequence of a particular needs pupil ‘s disablement or larning trouble is minimum. This has to be done thoughtfully, considerately, and must non disrupt or c ompromise the acquisition of the other pupils in the category by decelerating down excessively much ( Smyth-King, 2005 ) . Having said that, secondly if a instructor is cognizant of the different types of larning trouble and damages, and have a brief or in detail cognition of different disablements, this cognition coupled with supplying instructors with possibility for farther readying in inclusive patterns they would believed the â€Å" capable † had prepared them adequately for learning pupils ‘ or had the instructional background that would help them to provide for pupils with a particular demand ( Spandagou. I, Evans. D, and Little.C, 2008 ) which would positively increase instructor ‘s attitude toward inclusion. This is the 2nd ground why the preparation should be based around fiting instructors with the accomplishments and necessary tools to be able to accommodate their lessons ( Opertti, Belalcazar, 2008 ) . The jurisprudence shapers have their just portion of issues and deduction when it comes to inclusions. For illustration, each Australian State and Territory has their ain legal powers and readings of the Federal Law regulating particular demands instruction ( Forbes, 2007 ) . Commonwealth statute law and policy such as the NSW Disability Policy Framework 1998, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, and the Disability Standards in Education 2005 present the basis and construction for particular needs pupils to be included in mainstream schools, yet, under the Australian Constitution, the provinces have the duty for pull stringsing and using plans suited to smooth the advancement of inclusion, and do the resources gettable to make so. To run into the duties of inclusion, schools of the hereafter will necessitate instructors with equal preparation in disablements and particular demands at an undergraduate degree ( Forbes, 2007 ) . aˆÂ ¦Overcome the misconceptions of general instruction pupils. Harmonizing to Loreman et Al ( 2005 ) , the really nature of a secondary school is debatable and in direct hit class with many of the foundations required for a school to be inclusive. The first deduction when put to deathing the ideal inclusion are the other pupils, already there are issues that are come uping today ( peer force per unit area, intimidation, force, and other adolescent issues ) in the intelligence. And there are other issues which Pearce and Forlin ( 2005 ) explains absolutely, he states that secondary schools can be disenabling in themselves, non merely for pupils with disablements, but for anyone who does n’t suit neatly into the system such as pupils from low socio-economic, racial and cultural backgrounds in scenes where such pupils are the minority. So this is what the instructors and principals already have to cover with, they do non necessitate to cover with the excess incidents that will most likely occur due to miss of cognition and understanding that their equals could hold towards the particular needs pupils. This type of behaviour will do the adolescents non to interact with others which they view as non equal, Pearce and Forlin ( 2005 ) . To work out this job there is one solution and that is what research workers have suggested so far, pupils with milder disablements are more successfully in the inclusion procedure. Again Pearce and Forlin ( 2005 ) states that, pupils with physical and centripetal disablements are by and large more likely to be mainstreamed than those with rational, multiple, behavioral or emotional disablements ( Pearce, Forlin, 2005 ) . If a ground has to be given Flem and Keller ( 2000 ) confirmed one and that when a particular needs pupil enters a mainstream environment, one of the most of import issues that will originate is their relationships with other pupils. This means pupils with physical and centripetal disablements can get the better of the issues of relationships better than those with rational, multiple, behavioral or emotional disablements. Negative equal attitude is another issue that needs to be addressed, since pupils, particularly in secondary schools, can be peculiarly average or hurtful to other pupils that are regarded as different for any ground. Vignes et Al ( 2008 ) , province that negative equal attitudes are by and large considered to be one of the greatest barriers to full societal inclusion of particular needs pupils in general instruction schoolrooms. Evidence shows that societal credence is the most hard challenge for a particular needs pupil to get the better of in a general instruction school ( McDougall et al, 2004 ) . To counter such negativeness, direct and structured societal contact between pupils with particular demands and general instruction pupils is a manner to advancing positive attitudes. Many pupils behave negatively out of ignorance, so extinguishing barriers and leting pupils to understand the nature of disability/impairment eliminates their fright of the unknown which may do them flog o ut or handle others severely. It besides allows general instruction pupils to experience empathy with other people, and helps to learn them about credence. Teaching pupils empathy and leting them to see the disablement of others first manus allows pupils to further a more caring attitude to other people ( Klotz, 2004 ) . Fixing pupils with particular demands There was a batch of research that was done on the consequence of pupils with particular demands ‘ category mate but non the pupils with particular demands themselves, but it is good known that pupils with particular demands need a spot more attending and providing from all parties ( friends, household, instructors, school community, and outdoors community every bit good ) .But Joe Clark has that particular instruction policies and patterns will be debated for a long clip, if non everlastingly, because every pupil learns different and every instructor teaches different. In order for there to be one reply we would all hold to be the same, which will likely ne’er go on. In other wards these pupils will most likely need more attending or even wholly different manner of learning them so that results can be accomplished. Inclusion remains a really ambitious doctrine in schools. The inclusion of particular needs pupils may pull attending to inadequacy in instruction but construct the tract for solutions that may give an advantage to all pupils in the instruction system. This could be through flexible course of study, appraisal and structural alteration. And the frost for inclusion is the joint coaction of instructors, pupils, parents, the wider community and general/special pedagogues, all promote and aid ease inclusion, non merely as an theoretical account, but in pattern. Pearce and Forlin ( 2005 ) argue that ‘the presence of young person with disablements in secondary schoolrooms represents a gift to school restructuring ‘ . I believe merely that, covering with pupils with particular demands will hold a positive impact on the community around them which will to a great extent better outcomes, this can be seen in the category with instructors seting a batch more decadent, decision makers being a spot more indulgent, pupils a bit more helpful and understanding. By and large people want to give that excess assisting manus. Inclusion in instruction has come a long manner, but there are problematic issues which is halting it from making place, but research workers and instructors likewise can see inclusion coming place and can savor some of its sweet fruits. How to cite The Inclusion of students with disabilities and special needs, Essay examples

Various Types of Yarn Essay Example For Students

Various Types of Yarn Essay Flake yarns, also known as flock yarns, are usually single yarns in which small tufts of fiber are inserted at intervals and held in place by the twist of the base yarn. The result is a flake yarn of varying thickness and softness, caused by the soft effect ply held in place by the uniform binder. These may be round or elongated. Flock yarn is used for fancy effect uses. Spiral Yarns Spiral or corkscrew yarns are complex yarns in which the desired effect is obtained either by twisting together yarns of different diameters, different sizes, or different fiber content, or by varying the rate of speed or the direction of twist. The spiral yarn consists of two yarns of different size: one fine with a hard twist, the other bulky with a slack twist. The heavy yarn is wound spirally around the fine yarn. Fine yarn is also known as core yarn. A corkscrew yarn can be made by twisting together two yarns at an uneven rate, by twisting together two yarns of different size, or by twisting a fine yarn loosely around the heavy yarn so it gives the appearance of a corkscrew. Spiral yarns have more elongation than other types of yarns. Sometimes, the core yarn is completely hidden by the spiralling outer yarn, as in the case of Lastex where the core yarn is rubber while the outer yarn maybe of cotton, nylon or other textile. We will write a custom essay on Various Types of Yarn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ratine Yarns Ratine and gimp yarns are very simple to each other and, in addition are rather like boucle and loop yarns. The major difference between boucle and ratine or gimp yarns is that the loops are close together in ratine or gimp, while in boucle they are more widely spaced. The structure is similar, in that the yarn forming the loops is wrapped around the base yarn and then held in place by a binder or tie yarn. The ratine yarn shows a taut, rough surface effect in overall appearance. The term gimp is used frequently as a synonym for ratine. When a distinction is made, a yarn that has the loops formed by a very soft and slacky twisted yarn is referred to as a gimp yarn, while the loops on the ratine yarn are of a soft but securely twisted yarn. Boucle or Loop or Curl Yarns Boucle yarns are characterized by tight loops projecting from the body of the yarn at fairly regular intervals. These yarns are of 3-ply construction. The effect yarn that forms the loops is wrapped around a base yarn, and then a binder or tie yarn holds the loops in position. Boucle fabrics can be constructed by either knitting or weaving. The yarn is also available for hand knitting. Nub, Knot or Knop, and Spot Yarns The terms nub, knot, knop and spot are often used interchangeably; however, there are minor differences between nub and knot yarns. A nub yarn (sometimes called a spot) is a ply yarn. It is made on a special machine that holds the base yarn almost stationary while the effect yarn is wrapped around it several times to build up a nub or enlarged segment. Chenille Yarns Chenille yarns are used for special effects in fabrics and in the manufacture of chenille rugs. The yarn resembles a hairy caterpillar –chenille is French for caterpillar. It has a soft, fuzzy, lofty (springy) surface. The effect is achieved by a core of two yarns plied together and firmly holding short tufts of soft twisted yarn between the twists along the core’s length. The result is a yarn with a velvet like or pile surface.

Free Essays on School = Success

I believe education is the key to success. The increase of a person’s success directly relates to the length one spends in school. There are people who become successful with less education. As athletes, musical artists, actors, and people such as Bill Gates have proven many times over. Part of success is being able to save money so that it will last beyond the length of one’s career. This is where many people lack skill. With an education, the person is able to manage money and save his/her earnings. Some very rich people have little education yet continue to succeed in life yet these are unique people. Not everyone is able to succeed like those people, most need education to guide and strengthen his/her natural abilities. Education provides a way for intelligent people to ascend above his/her peers and be successful. Education guides people toward success by accenting their traits of triumph. My definition of the word success: being able to adequately provide for your family, to be sophisticated, to have wealth, to be happy with what you are doing, to be proficient at your career, to be respected, and to be able to reach your lifelong goals. The Webster’s Dictionary defines it as: â€Å"1. The achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted: attributed their success in business to hard work. 2. a. The gaining of fame or prosperity: an artist spoiled by success. b. The extent of such gain. 3. One that is successful† I am a high school graduate and I now attend college. I have a goal for my future. It in tales receiving my bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and most likely my PhD. I want to become a child psychologist. I have chosen this path after a lot of deliberation and consideration. Most humans crave to better themselves; we want to the best of the best. In gaining an education, we are able to fulfill that desire. According to James C Gonyea (2002), Psychologist Abraham Maslow theorized ... Free Essays on School = Success Free Essays on School = Success I believe education is the key to success. The increase of a person’s success directly relates to the length one spends in school. There are people who become successful with less education. As athletes, musical artists, actors, and people such as Bill Gates have proven many times over. Part of success is being able to save money so that it will last beyond the length of one’s career. This is where many people lack skill. With an education, the person is able to manage money and save his/her earnings. Some very rich people have little education yet continue to succeed in life yet these are unique people. Not everyone is able to succeed like those people, most need education to guide and strengthen his/her natural abilities. Education provides a way for intelligent people to ascend above his/her peers and be successful. Education guides people toward success by accenting their traits of triumph. My definition of the word success: being able to adequately provide for your family, to be sophisticated, to have wealth, to be happy with what you are doing, to be proficient at your career, to be respected, and to be able to reach your lifelong goals. The Webster’s Dictionary defines it as: â€Å"1. The achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted: attributed their success in business to hard work. 2. a. The gaining of fame or prosperity: an artist spoiled by success. b. The extent of such gain. 3. One that is successful† I am a high school graduate and I now attend college. I have a goal for my future. It in tales receiving my bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and most likely my PhD. I want to become a child psychologist. I have chosen this path after a lot of deliberation and consideration. Most humans crave to better themselves; we want to the best of the best. In gaining an education, we are able to fulfill that desire. According to James C Gonyea (2002), Psychologist Abraham Maslow theorized ...

Sinornithosaurus - Facts and Figures

Sinornithosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Sinornithosaurus (Greek for Chinese bird-lizard); pronounced sine-OR-nith-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130-125 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture;  long tail; feathers About Sinornithosaurus   Of all the dino-bird fossils discovered in the Liaoning Quarry in China, Sinornithosaurus may be the most famous, because its the most complete:  the perfectly preserved skeleton of this early Cretaceous dinosaur shows evidence not only of feathers, but of different kinds of feathers on different parts of its body. The feathers on this small theropods head were short and hairlike, but the feathers on its arms and tail were long and distinctively birdlike, with tufts of intermediate length along its back. Technically, Sinornithosaurus is classified as a raptor, on the basis of the single, oversized, sickle-shaped single claws on each of its hind feet, which it used to  tear  at and disembowel prey; on the whole, though, it bears a greater resemblance to the other dino-birds of the Mesozoic Era (like Archaeopteryx and Incisivosaurus) than it does to famous raptors like Deinonychus​ and Velociraptor. At the end of 2009, a team of paleontologists generated headlines by claiming Sinornithosaurus  to be  the first identified venomous dinosaur (never mind that poison-spitting Dilophosaurus you saw in Jurassic Park, which was based on fantasy rather than fact). The supposed evidence in favor of this behavior: fossilized pouches connected by ducts to this dinosaurs snake-like fangs. At the time, reasoning by analogy with modern animals, it would have been surprising if these sacs werent exactly what they appeared to berepositories of venom that Sinornithosaurus used to immobilize (or kill) its prey.  However, a more recent, and more convincing, study has concluded that the supposed  pouches of Sinornithosaurus were created when this individuals incisors loosened from their sockets, and arent evidence of a venomous lifestyle after all!

Term paper on Capital market efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Term paper on Capital market efficiency - Essay Example In addition, reference is made to market ethics, at the level that ethics can secure, at least up to a level, market efficiency, being related to all three aspects of market efficiency, i.e. information, institutions and transactions. The literature developed in this field proves that existing research in regard to market risks and potentials focuses on the potentials of markets to become efficient but also on the ability of certain financial systems to promote market efficiency. This is the case of the Islamic finance system which is highly differentiated from the conventional finance system at the following point: in Islamic finance emphasis is given on the intervention of ethics in economic transactions. Because of this reason the reference to the Islamic finance system has been considered as quite necessary for evaluating the issues explored in this paper. It has been proved that it is not quite difficult for a market to be efficient, especially since efficient markets are not co nsidered as perfect markets. Still, it can be rather difficult for those managing financial products to promote ethics in all financial transactions. Indeed, certain aspects of each market are not aligned with the rules of market efficiency, as analyzed below. ... veloped in each market can be an indicative example of market efficiency, as described by theorists who have studied the particular subject (Palan 2007). It should be noted that market efficiency is also described as capital market efficiency (Kevin 2006). The two terms reflect almost the same phenomenon: the development of a high range of economic activities with no delays or other failures within an environment that it is highly influenced by ethics (Kevin 2006). The only difference between the above two terms is the following one: capital market efficiency refers to the potential of specific financial products to respond to the expectations of their investors while market efficiency refers to the expectations of all people living locally, i.e. within the territory in which the market involved is based, to take a return from their deposits or other investments (Palan 2007). The characteristics and the role of market efficiency have been highly explored in the literature. Different approaches have been used though for describing the particular concept (Mama 2010). In any case, it seems that the content of market efficiency is not standardized, depending on the market conditions and economic activities that the particular term has to reflect (Mama 2010). Reference can be made, in particular to the following forms of efficiency, as appeared in the modern market: a) transactional efficiency; this term is used in order to show the ‘costs and speed of reliably transferring funds between market participants’ (Mama 2010, p.10); b) from a different perspective, informational efficiency is a term used in order to show the efficiency in regard to information (Mama 2010, p.11), meaning not only the information gathered in regard to the performance of a particular market but

Gender and sexualities. Qustions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and sexualities. Qustions - Essay Example From the very ancient age these rules and regulations are present which differentiate men and women in the society. Cultures of the people differ on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, class, age, nation etc. People of various cultures follow different rules and regulations. For this reason believes, values and actions of people of diverse cultures vary from each other. In this essay various theories, philosophies, social norms regarding sexualities and gender will be discussed. In the present scenario the idea and concepts of the people regarding gender are influenced by their professional world and social environment. Various issues of gender and sexualities are discussed in history by sociopolitical and historical theory. Racism and gender discrimination are major problems which are present in many countries of the world. For these issues the lives and activities of the people are influenced a lot. Many movements took place against gender discrimination and racism which helped to change the perception of the people regarding these issues. Question 1 According to me culture plays an important role in shaping up the perception of people regarding gender and sexualities. The lives of men and women are strongly affected by cultural rules and regulations.

Gender and sexualities. Qustions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and sexualities. Qustions - Essay Example From the very ancient age these rules and regulations are present which differentiate men and women in the society. Cultures of the people differ on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, class, age, nation etc. People of various cultures follow different rules and regulations. For this reason believes, values and actions of people of diverse cultures vary from each other. In this essay various theories, philosophies, social norms regarding sexualities and gender will be discussed. In the present scenario the idea and concepts of the people regarding gender are influenced by their professional world and social environment. Various issues of gender and sexualities are discussed in history by sociopolitical and historical theory. Racism and gender discrimination are major problems which are present in many countries of the world. For these issues the lives and activities of the people are influenced a lot. Many movements took place against gender discrimination and racism which helped to change the perception of the people regarding these issues. Question 1 According to me culture plays an important role in shaping up the perception of people regarding gender and sexualities. The lives of men and women are strongly affected by cultural rules and regulations.

Gender and sexualities. Qustions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and sexualities. Qustions - Essay Example From the very ancient age these rules and regulations are present which differentiate men and women in the society. Cultures of the people differ on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, class, age, nation etc. People of various cultures follow different rules and regulations. For this reason believes, values and actions of people of diverse cultures vary from each other. In this essay various theories, philosophies, social norms regarding sexualities and gender will be discussed. In the present scenario the idea and concepts of the people regarding gender are influenced by their professional world and social environment. Various issues of gender and sexualities are discussed in history by sociopolitical and historical theory. Racism and gender discrimination are major problems which are present in many countries of the world. For these issues the lives and activities of the people are influenced a lot. Many movements took place against gender discrimination and racism which helped to change the perception of the people regarding these issues. Question 1 According to me culture plays an important role in shaping up the perception of people regarding gender and sexualities. The lives of men and women are strongly affected by cultural rules and regulations.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Physiology

Rheumatoid Arthritis Physiology Introduction Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic, autoimmune condition that affects 400,000 people in the UK (Cooney et al. 2010). It is both bilateral and symmetrical in pattern and is typically presented in individuals between 30 to 50 years with females being more afflicted than men (Cooney et al. 2010). Although, RA is of unknown aetiology, causes are said to be both genetic and environmental in nature (Abhishek et al.2010). More specifically, inflammation, inactivity and loss of mechanical stability around joints plays a role in causing pain, stiffness and swelling of multiple joints. Consequently, long-term effects of RA been associated with reduced muscle strength (Ekbolm et al. 1974) and aerobic capacity (Minor et al. 1988). Currently, there is no cure for RA and therefore, management emphasizes on decreasing symptoms and promoting quality of life through either Drug Modifying Anti-Rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or physiotherapy (Arthritis Research, UK). Indeed, DMARDs are a first line treatment for RA; however, not everyone responds adequately to DMARDs (Smolen and Keystone, 2012) and RA patients usually refrain from using this due to the potential occurrence of life-threatening side-effects (Kinder et al. 2005). Today, physiotherapy for those with RA consist of many passive interventions such as patient education, delivery of heat or cold, massage and electro-magnetic energy (Wasserman,2011). However, despite earlier fear of aggravation of symptoms, increased disease activity and joint damage, there is now scientific evidence showing that exercise is safe and beneficial; making it an imperative part of rehabilitation (Stenstrom and Minor, 2003). Specifically, the most valued by RA patients is Hydrotherapy treatment (Hall et al. 1996) due to its ability to alleviate symptoms suddenly through exercising in water. The use of water properties such as buoyancy and warm temperatures enables patients to move freely through decreased weight bearing on joints, increased range of motion and reduced pain (Campion, 1997). Although, Hydrotherapy is growing significantly in popularity, literature in regards to the effectiveness of Hydrotherapy for RA has not been evaluated adequately. For example, Eversden et al. (2007) concluded that the Hydrotherapy group reported a greater perceived benefit in comparison to the land-based exercise group after six weeks. Importantly, these authors conducted a fairly well-designed study in that they took some precautions to eliminate bias through true randomization and concealment processes. However, these findings were not reflected in the physical functional or pain scores. Alongside this, there was a greater number of participants in the Hydrotherapy group compared to the Land-based group leading to potential biases. Secondly, Hall et al. (1996) found that all groups assessed (Hydrotherapy, Seated Immersion, Land Exercise and Progressive Relaxation) demonstrated joint tenderness and pain relief. However, Hydrotherapy presented the most improvements (26% mean decrease) after 4 weeks treatment. This study demonstrates strengths over Eversden et al. (2007) in that they had assessed disease activity rather than just improvements in functionality. However, it was not clearly stated whether or not improvements in Hydrotherapy group were statistically significant and treatment dosage, if longer (>4 weeks) could have produced a greater therapeutic effect. Thirdly, Bilberg and Mannerkorpi (2005) found significant improvements in muscle function and endurance of upper and lower extremities and grip force. However, this was not supported by an increase in aerobic capacity as indicated by their hypothesis and primary outcome measure (Cycle Ergometer Test; Astrand 2006). Unlike, Eversden et al. (2007) and Hall (1996) this study reported intensity of exercise (70% of HR) and addressed longer term effects (12 weeks). However, sample size was small (46 patients) and temperature of pool was not specified, making it difficult to generalise data. Overall, there was inadequate reporting of depth, temperature of pool, type and intensity of exercises. Although, outcome measures differed between studies, they were appropriate for use (Al-Qubaiessy et al). Therefore, there is some evidence showing that Hydrotherapy plays a role in reducing pain (Hall et al. 1996). Finally, this highlights the importance of using standardised exercise procedures, longer term-interventions especially as RA is a chronic condition. This will help in making specific recommendations. Therefore, in accordance to PICO, my research question is The long term effects of using specific Hydrotherapy exercise protocols: Aqua-Aerobics Programme and The Bad-Ragaz Ring Methods for RA. A randomized Controlled Trial. Research Design From a pragmatic viewpoint, a mixed methods approach will be best-suited for this study as pain is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. However, a positivist would argue that this study should be carried out only objectively as this would allow generalizable conclusions to be drawn (Brooms and Willis, 2007). Alongside this, they would argue that researchers are detached from the investigation, thereby reducing bias (Bryman, 2004). Contrastingly, an interpretivist would support a qualitivate approach which would allow greater and richer insight into patients perceptions of pain (Bryman, 2001). Therefore, yielding both qualitative and quantitative data will help increase findings and reliability of results (Bryman, 2004). For example, this study will be able to assess the subjective nature of pain whilst still observing the relation between pain and disease activity objectively. Thus, taking this stance, will allow to address the biopsychosocial approach rather just a biomedical model of care objectively (Engel, 1977). Finally, an experimental, embedded design will be used in this study. Alternatively, an interpretivist would use a case-study that assesses an individuals experiences; this will have high ecological validity but lacks the ability to produce generalizable conclusions.ÂÂ   By employing a multi-faceted approach, it will strengthen causal inferences by providing the opportunity to observe data convergence or divergence in hypothesis testing (Abowitz and Tool, 2010). Research Method In line with Rogers et al. (2003), the embedded experimental design utilised in this study will involve a two-phase sequential approach (Creswell et al. 2005). This will include qualitative analysis carried out before intervention to inform the development of the treatment and after to help explain treatment outcomes (Figure 1). Figure 1: Experimental Embedded Design. (Creswell 2005). Alongside this, an RCT will be used. In accordance to the hierarchy of evidence an RCT is suggested to be one of the most powerful in research (Akobeng, 2005) due to its ability to reduce risk of bias and systematic error (Bryman, 2004; Suresh, 2011). Contrastingly, a cross-over design would be difficult due potential carry-over effects even with a washout period (Saks and Allsop, 2013). Intervention Details The CONSORT statement will be used in order to enhance completeness and transparency of the study (Schulz et al. 2010). For example, attrition bias will be reduced through reporting drop-outs and reasons for this will also be included (Schulz et al. 2010). Reporting of eligibility criteria is essential to determine whether results can be applied to others in the same condition (Bluml et al. 2011).ÂÂ   In this instance, patients (men and women) aged 18+ (in line with the American College of Rheumatology) with chronic RA who meet Steinbrocker Functional Class I, II, or III (Steinbrocker, 1949) will be recruited from NHS outpatient settings in the West Midlands. Those who sustain a steady drug intake for 30 days in relation to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 3 months and DMARDs will be included in the trial. Although injections and corticoid injections in the 4 weeks leading up to the study will not be permitted, drug changes and injections will be during; this reflects the pragmatic nature of this study. Consequently, recruiting in this manner will increase ecological validity as it represents a real-world situation (Broom and Willis, 2007). Those, which have received physiotherapy treatment within 30 days of assessment will be excluded in order to avoid any carry over effects. Also, patients who have had joint-replacement surgery within the last 6 months will be excluded. Likewise, contraindications of exercise and immersion in water needs to be taken into account (e.g. patients with uncontrolled epilepsy or fear of water) will also be excluded. It is true that greater exclusion criteria can reduce generalisability of results. However, such steps have to be taken in order to eliminate occurrence of confounding data which could potentially have a negative impact on the results of the clinical trial (Broom and Willis, 2007) Group Details Patients will be randomized using sealed opaque envelopes with treatment allocation. Random sequence of numbers will be established through flipping a virtual coin (Eversden et al. 1996) to either: Hydrotherapy 1 (Aqua Aerobics Group) (Eccentric, Concentric Exercises). Hydrotherapy 2 (The Bad Ragaz-Ring Group). Home-Exercise group that continue with daily activities. Unlike previous research (e.g. Hall 1996; Eversden et al. 1996), this study will consider intensity at moderate level (70%) as it has been shown to demonstrate physiological improvements (Astrand, 1986); assessed via a heart rate monitor throughout sessions. Additionally, depth of pool will be just under chest height whereby 50%+ of bodyweight is offloaded through buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure has been suggested to reduce swelling at this level (Becker, 2009). Importantly, temperature will range from 33.5-35.5 degrees which is safe and sufficient enough to produce therapeutic benefits (Becker, 2009). Finally, treatment dosage will be twice a week consisting of 30 minute sessions for a 20 week period. This will address longer-term effects. Outcome Measures A research assistant blinded to the treatment allocations will evaluate the outcomes measures in order to reduce detection bias. Bilberg and Mannerkorpi (2005) used a C Reactive Protein (CRP) (i.e. higher levels demonstrates active inflammation) in order to test assess disease activity. However, it is said that more than 40% of RA patients have normal CRP levels (Sokka and Pincus, 2009), thus decreasing validity and clinical applicability. Therefore, this study will use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as the primary objective measure due its ability to present visual aspects of inflammation within the synovial membrane; shown to be a superior method and very relevant for RA (e.g. Østergaard, 2009) (Figure 1). This will be taken, baseline and post treatment for all groups. Secondary outcome measures will include Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Figure 1) assessed on a 10cm scale, whereby 0cm indicates no pain. This is widely used to assess rheumatic diseases and a number of studies have established data showing that VAS results are very reproducible (e.g. Dixon and Bird, 1981).ÂÂ   Other physical measures will include the Ritchie Articular Index in order to assess joint tenderness; intra-reliability of this test has been shown to be acceptable (Levy and Dick, 1975) and is easy to perform. Finally, aerobic capacity will be analyzed through a submaximal test in accordance to Astrands Principle (Astrand and Rodahl, 1986); shown to have satisfactory reliability in RA populations (e.g. Mannerkorpi and Ekdahl, 1997). Both of which taken pre-post. Statistical Considerations and Analysis Analysis will be completed via the Fishers exact test and continuous variables by Wilcoxon signed rank tests for within group comparisons. Importantly, data analyses will be completed according to the intention to treat principles. Ethical Considerations In line with Beauchamp and Childress (2001) it will be essential to have respect for autonomy. Respecting this value, means to protect participants through data protection/confidentiality and ensuring they are adequately informed about what is proposed. In order to keep data anonymised personal details of quantitative data sets will be replaced with numbers. Most importantly, informed consent will be obtained before commencing the study to ensure participants are not subject to an intervention they do not want. To further fulfil these requirements, an information sheet for participants will be written which will also state risks as well as what data will be used for. Conclusion The main advantage of this study is that is assesses disease activity on a physiological level objectively and also observes the impacts subjectively via VAS scale; an unpopular approach in the Hydrotherapy literature (E.g. Hall, 1996, Bilberg et al. Eversden et al, 2007). Findings from this study, will hopefully assist in creating structured and standardised exercise programmes that could be used throughout healthcare systems. Finally, limitations of this study include the high costs that are associated with MRI scans and Hydrotherapy facilities. Nevertheless, this will address the longer term effects of Hydrotherapy for RA. Referenced Material Abhishek, A., Butt, S., Gadsby, K., Zhamg, W. Deighton, C.M. (2010). Anti-TNF-alpha agents are less effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in current smokers. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 16(1): 15-8. Abowitz, D.A. and Toole, T.M. (2010). Mixed Method Research: Fundamental Issue of Design, Validity, and Reliability in Construction Research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 136 (1). Akobeng, A.K. (2005). Understanding Randomised Controlled Trials. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90. 840-844. Ã…strand, P.O. Rodahl, K. (1986) Textbook of Work Physiology, 4th edition. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1986. Beauchamp T. and ChildressÂÂ   (2001). Principles of medical ethics. Fifth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Becker, B. (2009). Aquatic Therapy: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Rehabilitation Applications. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1. 859-872. Bilberg, A., Ahlmen., M. Mannerkorpi, K. (2005). Moderatley Intensive Execise in a Temperate Pool for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Rheumatology. 44: 502-508. Blumle, A., Meerpohl, J.J., Rucker, G., Antes, G., Schumacher, M. and Elm, E.V. (2011). Reporting of Eligibility Criteria of Randomised Trials: Cohort Study Comparing Trial Protocols with Subsequent Articles. British Medical Journal. 342. 18-28. Broom, A., and Willis, E. (2007). Competing paradigms and health research. In Mike Saks and Judith Allsop (Ed.), Researching health: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods (pp. 16-31) London: Sage. Bryman, A. (2001) Social Research Method, 1st Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Campion, M.R (1997). Hydrotherapy: Princples and Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 3-24. Cooney, J.K., Law, R.J., Matschke, V., Lemmey, A.B., Moore, J.P., Ahamd, Y., Jones, J.G., Maddison, P. and Thom, J.M. (2011). Benefits of Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Aging Research. 1-14. Creswell, J.W., Clark, V.I., Gutmann, M. and Hanson W. (2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (Eds). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Dixon, J.S. and Bird, H.A. (1981). Reproducibility along a 10 cm vertical visual analogue scale. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 40. 87-9. Ekblom, B., Lovgren O., Alderin, M., Fridstrom, M. Satterstrom G. (1974). Physical Performance in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 3(3): 121-5. Eversden, L., Maggs, F., Nightingale., P. Jobanputra, P., (2007). A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of hydrotherapy and land exercises on overallÂÂ   well being and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 8(1), p.1. Hall, J., Skevington, S.M., Maddison, P.J. Chapman, K., 1996. A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatism, 9(3), pp. 206-215. Kinder, A.J., Hassell, A.B., Brand, J., Brownfield, A., Grove, M. and Shadforth, M.F. (2004). The treatment of inflammatory arthritis with methotrexate in clinical practice: treatment duration and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Rheumatology.44 (1): 61-66. Minor, M.A., Hewett, J.E., Webel, R.R., Dreisginer, T.E. Kay, D.R. (1988). Exercise Tolerance and Disease Related Measures in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 15(6): 905-11. Saks,M. and Allsop,J. (2013) Researching Health: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods. 2nd ed. London: Sage Schulz,K., Altman,D. and Moher,D. (2010) CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 340:698-702 Smolen, J. and Keystone, E.C. (2012). Rheumatoid Arthritis: Where are we now? Pathogenesis, treatment response and tailored therapy. Rheumatology. 51(5). 18-20. Steinbrocker 0, Traeger C.H. and Batterman RC. (1949). Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of The American Medical Association. 140: 659-662. Stenstrom, C.H. and Minor, M.A. (2003). Evidence for the benefit of aerobic and strengthening exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Research. 49(3). 428-434. Sokka, T. and Pincus, T. (2009). Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein, or Rheumatoid Factor Are Not Normal at Presentration in 35%-45% of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Seen Between 1980 and 2004: Analyses from Finland and the United States. The Journal of Rheumatology. 36(7). 1387-1390. Suresh,K. (2011) An overview of randomisation techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1):8-11 Ostergaard, M. (2009). Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Quantitative methods for assessment of the inflammatory process in peripheral joints: Summary of Thesis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 28. 265.ÂÂ   Wasserman, A.M. (2011). Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. American Family Physician. 84(11). 1245-1252.

Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans MCQS Essay

1. A key ingredient of the marketing management process is insightful, ________ marketing strategies and plans that can guide marketing activities. a. creative b. measurable c. macro d. micro e. niche Answer: a 2. According to a chapter story about H&M clothing stores, H&M is able to put products out quickly and inexpensively by all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. having few middlemen and owning no factories b. buying large volumes c. having extensive experience in the clothing industry d. having a great knowledge of which goods should be bought from which markets e. having total control of its distribution channel from the time the goods are produced until the time they are sold Answer: e 3. The task of any business is to deliver ________ at a profit. a. customer needs b. products c. customer value d. products and services e. improved quality Answer: c 4. In a hyper competitive economy such as ours, a company can win only by fine-tuning the value delivery process and choosing, providing, and ________ superior value. a. communicating b. selecting target markets with c. composing d. developing e. researching Answer: a 5. The traditional view of marketing is that the firm makes something and then ________ it. a. markets b. sells c. distributes d. prices e. services Answer: b 6. Today, the â€Å"mass-market† is actually splintering into numerous ________, each with its own wants, perceptions, preferences, and buying criteria. a. micro markets b. market targets c. macro markets d. customer cliques e. demographic units Answer: a 7. The first phase of the value creation and delivery sequence is ________ that represents the â€Å"homework† marketing must do before any product exists. a. choosing the value b. market research c. target marketing d. service consideration e. projective thinking Answer: a 8. The last step in the value creation and delivery sequence is ________ the value where the sales force, sales promotion, advertising, and other communication tools announce and promote the product. a. developing b. distributing c. communicating d. reversing e. researching Answer: c 9. The Japanese have refined the value delivery process to include a component that emphasizes ________. a. zero servicing b. zero customer feedback time c. zero promotion d. zero dependency on intermediaries e. zero marketing costs Answer: b 10. The ________ is a tool for identifying ways to create more customer value. a. value chain b. customer survey c. brand loyalty index d. promotion channel e. supplier database Answer: a 11. The ________ identifies nine strategically relevant activities that create value and cost in a specific business. a. value proposition b. value chain c. mission statement d. annual report e. manager’s log Answer: b 12. The ________ in the value chain cover the sequence of bringing materials into the business (inbound logistics), converting them into final products (operations), shipping out final products (outbound logistics), marketing them (marketing and sales), and servicing them (service). a. operations process b. manufacturing process c. primary activities d. secondary activities e. tertiary activities Answer: c 13. Procurement, technology development, human resource management, and firm infrastructure are handled in certain specialized departments and are called ________. a. materials handling b. support activities c. inventory activities d. primary activities e. benchmark activities Answer: b 14. The firm should estimate its competitors’ costs and performances as ________ against which to compare its own costs and performance. a. competition b. standards c. challenges d. benchmarks e. moveable standards Answer: d 15. The firm’s success depends not only on how well each department performs its work, but also on how well the various departmental activities are coordinated to conduct ________. a. core strategies b. satellite businesses c. core values d. core business processes e. core technologies Answer: d 16. With respect to core business processes, all the activities involved in gathering market intelligence, disseminating it within the organization, and acting on the information is referred to as the ________. a. market sensing process b. market research process c. target marketing process d. market pulse process e. deployment process Answer: a 17. With respect to the core business processes, all the activities involved in researching, developing, and launching new high-quality offerings quickly and within budget are referred to as the ________. a. new product process b. new offering realization process c. product development process d. product launch process e. return on investment process Answer: b 18. With respect to the core business processes, the ________ is considered to be all the activities involved in defining target markets and prospecting for new customers. a. customer acquisition process b. customer relationship management process c. fulfillment management process d. customer prospecting process e. customer equity process Answer: a 19. A good way to describe the ________ would be discuss all the activities involved in building deeper understanding, relationships, and offerings to individual customers. a. customer acquisition process b. customer relationship management process c. customer prospecting process d. customer fulfillment management process e. customer equity process Answer: b 20. Another way to describe a value delivery network (partnering with specific suppliers and distributors) is to call it a ________. a. teamwork group b. cabal c. domestic power center d. link to relationships e. supply chain Answer: e 21. The key to utilizing organizational core competencies is to ________ that make up the essence of the business. a. make the competencies pay for themselves b. own all intermediaries who come in contact with your goods and services c. own and nurture the resources and competencies d. emphasize global promotions e. segment workforces Answer: c 22. We can say that a ________ has three characteristics: (1) It is a source of competitive advantage in that it makes a significant contribution to perceived customer benefits, (2) it has applications in a wide variety of markets, and (3) it is difficult for competitors to imitate. a. core competency b. business strategy c. core technology d. strategic business unit e. winning strategy Answer: a 23. Core competencies tend to refer to areas of special technical and production expertise, where ________ tend to describe excellence in broader business processes. a. process benchmarks b. distinctive capabilities c. core business values d. value statements e. mission statements Answer: b 24. George Day sees market-driven organizations as excelling in three distinctive capabilities: ________, customer linking, and channel bonding. a. target marketing b. market research c. fulfilling customer needs d. market sensing e. customer service relationships Answer: d 25. Competitors find it hard to imitate companies such as Southwest Airlines, Dell, or IKEA because they are unable to copy their ________. a. product innovations b. distribution strategy c. pricing policies d. activity systems e. logistics system Answer: d 26. One conception of holistic marketing views it as â€Å"integrating the value exploration, ________, and value delivery activities with the purpose of building long-term, mutually satisfying relationship and co-prosperity among key stakeholders.† a. value creation b. value proposition c. value management d. value research e. value chain Answer: a 27. Holistic marketers achieve profitable growth by expanding customer share, ________, and capturing customer lifetime value. a. undermining competitive competencies b. building customer loyalty c. milking the market for product desires d. renewing a customer base e. inspecting all market share data Answer: b 28. The holistic marketing framework is designed to address three key management questions. Which of the following is one of those questions? a. Value claims—how does the company deal with value erosion? b. Value proposition—how can value propositions be made profitable? c. Value chain—are there weak links in the company’s value chain d. Value network—how can a company effectively network? e. Value exploration—how can a company identify new value opportunities? Answer: e 29. The customer’s ________ reflects existing and latent needs and includes dimensions such as the need for participation, stability, freedom, and change. a. competence space b. resource space c. emotional space d. relationship space e. cognitive space Answer: e 30. The companies ________ can be described in terms of breadth—broad versus focused scope of business; and depth—physical versus knowledge-based capabilities. a. business mission b. core strategy c. cognitive space d. competency space e. resource space Answer: d 31. The collaborator’s ________ involves horizontal partnerships, where companies choose partners based on their ability to exploit related market opportunities, and vertical partnership, where companies choose partners based on their ability to serve their value creation. a. resource space b. competency space c. cognitive space d. rational space e. service space Answer: a 32. Business realignment may be necessary to maximize core competencies. Which of the following would be one of the steps in this realignment process? a. Reviewing all macro relationships. b. Reviewing global outreach projections. c. Redefining the business concept (the â€Å"big idea†). d. Reviewing successes from e-commerce (if any). e. Revamping the ethics statement. Answer: c 33. ________ allows the company to discover who its customers are, how they behave, and what they need or want. It also enables the company to respond appropriately, coherently, and quickly to different customer opportunities. a. Network management b. Strategic management c. Marketing management d. Customer relationship management e. Total quality management Answer: d34. To respond effectively and provide value delivery, the company requires ________ to integrate major business processes (e.g., order processing, general ledger, payroll, and production) within a single family of software modules. a. human resource management b. internal auditing management c. internal resource management d. strategic management e. marketing management Answer: c 35. With respect to value delivery, ________ allows the company to handle complex relationships with its trading partners to source, process, and deliver products. a. a value matrix b. a global distribution policy c. a business development strategy d. business partnership management e. total quality management Answer: d 36. Successful marketing requires having capabilities such as understanding ________, creating customer value, delivering customer value, capturing customer value, and sustaining customer value. a. customer loyalty b. customer per c. customer retention d. customer value e. customer benefits Answer: d 37. According to a McKinsey research study, which of the following is one of the main challenges that marketing must face in the twenty-first century? a. The threat of ethics-based lawsuits. b. Doing more with less. c. Hostile takeover attempts. d. Increasing control by big government. e. Being independent of the distribution process. Answer: b 38. Strategic planning in the twenty-first century calls for action in three key areas. Which of these key areas deals specifically with devising a long-term game plan for achieving long-run objectives? a. Creating a viable business opportunity. b. Producing a strategic fit. c. Developing an investment portfolio. d. Expanding core competencies. e. Establishing a strategy. Answer: e 39. Most large companies consist of four organizational levels: the ________, the division level, the business unit level, and the product level. a. board of director level b. major stakeholder level c. management team level d. corporate level e. strategic level Answer: d 40. The ________ is the central instrument for directing and coordinating the marketing effort. a. strategic plan b. marketing plan c. tactical plan d. customer value statement e. corporate mission Answer: b 41. The ________ lays out the target markets and the value proposition that will be offered, based on an analysis of the best market opportunities. a. organizational plan b. strategic marketing plan c. corporate tactical plan d. corporate mission e. customer value statement Answer: b 42. In which of the following plans would we most likely find directions for implementing and addressing daily challenges and opportunities in product features, pro motion, merchandising, pricing, sales channels, and service areas. a. The tactical marketing plan. b. The target marketing plan. c. The deployment plan. d. The product launch plan. e. The product development plan. Answer: a 43. If you wanted to find out more about target markets and the organization’s value proposition, which of the following types of plans would most likely contain information that might be useful to you in your quest? a. The marketing plan. b. The organizational plan. c. The strategic marketing plan. d. The tactical marketing plan. e. The marketing mix plan. Answer: c 44. The ________ process consists of corporate, division, business, and product planning. a. implementing b. controlling c. innovation d. planning e. competitive Answer: d 45. All corporate headquarters undertake four planning activities, the first of which is ________. a. defining the corporate mission b. establishing strategic business units and assigning resources (SBUs) c. assigning resources to each SBU d. assessing growth opportunities e. understanding target markets Answer: a 46. A clear, thoughtful mission statement provides employees with a shared sense of purpose, direction, and ________. a. profitability b. target market feasibility c. opportunity d. continuous improvement e. quality products Answer: c 47. Mission statements are at their best when they reflect a ________. a. market b. strength c. competency d. vision e. value Answer: d 48. Which of the following terms matches to the phrase â€Å"it is a single business or collection of related businesses that can be planned separately from the rest of the company†? a. Strategic business unit. b. Diverse business unit. c. Growth business unit. d. Niche market unit. e. Specialized business unit. Answer: a 49. Market-penetration, product-development, and market-development strategies would all be examples of ________ strategies. a. concentric b. conglomerate c. horizontal d. intensive growth e. integrative growth Answer: d 50. A(n) ________ is when a company might seek new businesses that have no relationship to its current technology, products, or markets. a. concentric strategy b. conglomerate strategy c. horizontal strategy d. intensive growth strategy e. integrative strategy Answer: b 51. Which of the following terms most closely matches to â€Å"the shared experiences, stories, beliefs, and norms that characterize an organization†? a. Organizational dynamics. b. A business mission. c. An ethical/value statement. d. Customer relationships. e. Corporate culture. Answer: e 52. The first step in the business unit strategic-planning process deals with which of the following? a. Goal formulation. b. Business mission. c. Strategy formulation. d. Program formulation. e. SWOT analysis. Answer: b 53. When a business gets to know market segments intimately and pursues either cost leadership or differentiation within the target segment it is referred to as a ________. a. defined strategy b. focused strategy c. value-added strategy d. competitive advantage strategy e. customer-focused strategy Answer: b 54. If a firm pursues a ________ strategy, it must be good at engineering, purchasing, manufacturing, and physical distribution. a. differentiation b. overall cost leadership c. focus d. domestic customer relationship e. market share Answer: b 55. To keep their strategic alliances thriving, corporations have begun to develop organizational structures to support them and have come to view the ability to form and manage partnerships as core skills. This is called ________. a. value managed partnership b. synergistic partnership c. centralized partnership d. partner relationship management e. win-win relationship management Answer: d 56. Traditionally, most businesses focused on stockholders. Today, the focus is on what are called ________. a. stakeholders b. partners c. regulators d. consumer triads e. supply-chain relationships Answer: a 57. A ________ is a written document that summarizes what the marketer has learned about the marketplace and indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing objectives. a. strategic plan b. marketing plan c. sales plan d. target market plan e. competitive analysis plan Answer: b 58. Which of the following permits senior management to grasp the marketing plan’s major thrust? a. The situation analysis. b. The marketing strategy. c. The executive summary and table of contents. d. Financial projections. e. Implementation and controls. Answer: c 59. Most marketing plans cover ________. a. one year b. two years c. three years d. four years e. five years Answer: a 60. The most frequently cited shortcomings of current marketing plans, according to marketing executives, are lack of realism, insufficient competitive analysis, and a ________ focus. a. long-term b. profit c. short-run d. product e. price Answer: c